Place of Origin: Indian Subcontinent
Origin Date: Circa 1500 BCE (Vedic period)
Domain: Friendship, Contracts, Social Harmony
Symbols: Light of Dawn, Sword (symbolizing justice and truth)
Attributes: Guardian of Truth, Protector of Contracts, Embodiment of Friendship
Epithets: Mitra-Varuna (when paired with Varuna), Friend of All
Equivalents: Persian: Mithra (God of Covenants and Light)
Religion: Hinduism, and Vedism
Sacred Texts: Rigveda: Contains numerous hymns dedicated to Mitra, often in conjunction with Varuna.
Iconography: Mitra is often depicted alongside Varuna, symbolizing their complementary roles. He is shown with a radiant aura, representing the light of dawn, and sometimes holding a sword as a symbol of justice.
Relations: Parentage: Kashyapa (father), Aditi (mother), Siblings: Other Adityas (e.g., Varuna, Surya)
Description
Mitra is a prominent deity in the Vedic tradition, revered as the guardian of friendship, contracts, and societal harmony. As a Cultural Deity, Mitra embodies truth, integrity, and the maintenance of social bonds. He is often paired with Varuna, forming the dual entity Mitra-Varuna, which oversees cosmic and societal order. Mitra’s role emphasizes the importance of agreements and the ethical conduct of individuals and communities.
In the Rigveda, Mitra is associated with the light of dawn, symbolizing renewal and the beginning of a new day. His presence ensures the smooth functioning of human relationships and the upholding of moral order. Over time, Mitra's prominence diminished in Hinduism, but his principles remain embedded in the cultural and ethical fabric of the tradition.
Narratives
Mitra-Varuna and Cosmic Order: Together, Mitra and Varuna maintain the balance between cosmic and human realms, ensuring truth and justice prevail.
The Mitanni Treaty: Mitra is invoked as a protector of treaties in the Mitanni inscription, highlighting his role in upholding agreements.
Worship Beliefs and Practices
In the Vedic period, Mitra was worshipped through hymns and rituals that emphasized truth, integrity, and social harmony. Offerings were made to honor his role as a guardian of contracts and friendships. However, direct worship of Mitra became less common in later Hinduism.