Messianic Figures: A Journey Through Religions and Cultures
- Harold Caldwell
- Jan 1
- 19 min read
Updated: Feb 26
Messianic Figures: Symbols of Hope and Renewal Across Cultures
Messianic figures—saviours or liberators expected to bring about significant change or salvation—are a common theme across various religions and cultures. These figures often symbolize hope, renewal, and the ultimate triumph of good over evil. Here's a comprehensive look at the beliefs in messianic figures across different traditions, both ancient and modern.
Table of Contents:
Judaism
Messiah (Mashiach): In Judaism, the Messiah is a future Jewish king from the Davidic line who will be anointed to rule and bring peace, justice, and the restoration of the Temple in Jerusalem. The belief is rooted in Jewish texts like the Tanakh and Talmud. The Messiah is expected to gather all Jews back to the Land of Israel, rebuild the Temple in Jerusalem, and usher in an era of peace and prosperity. The concept of the Messiah has evolved over time, with various interpretations and expectations within different Jewish communities.
Historical Context and Origins
Historical Background: The belief in the Messiah emerged during a time of political turmoil and foreign domination in ancient Israel. The Jewish people faced invasions, exile, and oppression from empires such as the Babylonians, Persians, Greeks, and Romans. The hope for a Messiah grew as a response to these challenges, envisioning a future leader who would restore Israel's sovereignty and bring about a just and peaceful society.
Founding Figures: The concept of the Messiah is deeply connected to the figure of King David, who is considered the ideal ruler in Jewish tradition. The Messiah is believed to be a descendant of David, continuing his legacy of leadership and devotion to God. Prophets like Isaiah, Jeremiah, and Ezekiel played a crucial role in shaping the messianic expectations by delivering prophecies about the coming of a righteous and just ruler.
Detailed Prophecies and Signs
Prophetic Texts: The Hebrew Bible contains several prophecies about the Messiah. For example, Isaiah 11:1-2 states, "A shoot will come up from the stump of Jesse; from his roots a Branch will bear fruit. The Spirit of the Lord will rest on him—the Spirit of wisdom and of understanding, the Spirit of counsel and of might, the Spirit of the knowledge and fear of the Lord." Jeremiah 23:5-6 proclaims, "The days are coming, declares the Lord, when I will raise up for David a righteous Branch, a King who will reign wisely and do what is just and right in the land. In his days Judah will be saved and Israel will live in safety."
Signs and Fulfillment: Signs of the Messiah's coming include the ingathering of the Jewish exiles, the rebuilding of the Temple in Jerusalem, and the establishment of a period of peace and justice. The Messiah is expected to bring an end to war and suffering, establish a just society, and lead humanity in the worship of the one true God. These signs are interpreted within Jewish tradition as indicators of the Messiah's arrival and the fulfillment of God's promises to the Jewish people.
Christianity
Jesus Christ: Christians believe Jesus is the Messiah (Christos), the Son of God who came to save humanity from sin. His life, death, and resurrection are central to Christian faith, and his return is anticipated to bring about the final judgment and the Kingdom of God. Jesus' teachings, miracles, and sacrificial death on the cross are seen as the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies. Christians believe that through his resurrection, Jesus conquered death and offers eternal life to all who believe in him. The anticipation of his second coming, known as the Parousia, is a key aspect of Christian eschatology.
Historical Context and Origins
Historical Background: The belief in Jesus as the Messiah emerged during the 1st century CE in the Roman province of Judea. This period was marked by political unrest, Roman occupation, and a longing for liberation among the Jewish people. The expectation of a messianic figure who would deliver them from oppression was widespread. Jesus' ministry took place in this context, and his message of the Kingdom of God resonated with many who were seeking hope and salvation.
Founding Figures: Jesus of Nazareth is the central figure in Christianity. His disciples, including Peter, James, John, and Paul, played a crucial role in spreading his teachings and establishing the early Christian community. The apostles' writings and missionary work helped shape the beliefs about Jesus as the Messiah and laid the foundation for the Christian faith.
Detailed Prophecies and Signs
Prophetic Texts: The Old Testament contains several prophecies that Christians believe point to Jesus as the Messiah. For example, Isaiah 7:14 states, "Therefore the Lord himself will give you a sign: The virgin will conceive and give birth to a son, and will call him Immanuel." Isaiah 53:5-6 describes the suffering servant: "But he was pierced for our transgressions, he was crushed for our iniquities; the punishment that brought us peace was on him, and by his wounds we are healed. We all, like sheep, have gone astray, each of us has turned to our own way; and the Lord has laid on him the iniquity of us all." Psalm 22:16-18 also foreshadows the crucifixion: "Dogs surround me, a pack of villains encircles me; they pierce my hands and my feet. All my bones are on display; people stare and gloat over me. They divide my clothes among them and cast lots for my garment."
Signs and Fulfillment: Signs of Jesus' messiahship include his miraculous birth, his teachings and miracles, his crucifixion and resurrection, and the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies. Christians believe that Jesus' virgin birth, as described in the Gospels of Matthew and Luke, fulfills the prophecy in Isaiah 7:14. His miracles, such as healing the sick, raising the dead, and calming storms, demonstrate his divine authority. The crucifixion and resurrection are seen as the ultimate fulfillment of the prophecies about the suffering servant and the conquering of death. Christians believe that Jesus' second coming will be marked by signs such as the appearance of false prophets, wars, natural disasters, and the final judgment, as described in the New Testament books of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and Revelation.
Islam
Isa (Jesus): In Islam, Jesus (Isa) is respected as a prophet and the Messiah. Muslims believe he will return before the Day of Judgment to restore justice and defeat false messiahs. Additionally, some sects, like Shia Islam, believe in the coming of the Mahdi, a messianic figure who will bring justice and peace. According to Islamic tradition, Jesus was not crucified but was raised to heaven by God. His return is expected to coincide with the appearance of the Antichrist (Dajjal), whom Jesus will defeat, establishing a period of peace and righteousness before the final judgment.
Historical Context and Origins
Historical Background: The belief in Jesus as the Messiah in Islam emerged during the 7th century CE with the advent of Islam in the Arabian Peninsula. The Quran and Hadith, the primary sources of Islamic teachings, contain references to Jesus as a revered prophet and the Messiah. The cultural and political environment of the time was marked by the presence of various religious communities, including Jews and Christians, which influenced the development of Islamic beliefs about Jesus.
Founding Figures: The Prophet Muhammad is the central figure in Islam, and his revelations form the basis of Islamic teachings. The Quran, believed to be the word of God as revealed to Muhammad, contains references to Jesus as a prophet and the Messiah. Islamic scholars and theologians have further elaborated on the role of Jesus in Islamic eschatology through their interpretations of the Quran and Hadith.
Detailed Prophecies and Signs
Prophetic Texts: The Quran contains several references to Jesus as a prophet and the Messiah. For example, Surah Al-Imran (3:45) states, "When the angels said, 'O Mary, indeed Allah gives you good tidings of a word from Him, whose name will be the Messiah, Jesus, the son of Mary - distinguished in this world and the Hereafter and among those brought near [to Allah].'" Surah An-Nisa (4:157-158) mentions, "And [for] their saying, 'Indeed, we have killed the Messiah, Jesus, the son of Mary, the messenger of Allah.' And they did not kill him, nor did they crucify him; but [another] was made to resemble him to them. And indeed, those who differ over it are in doubt about it. They have no knowledge of it except the following of assumption. And they did not kill him, for certain. Rather, Allah raised him to Himself. And ever is Allah Exalted in Might and Wise."
Signs and Fulfillment: Signs of Jesus' return include the appearance of the Antichrist (Dajjal), widespread corruption, and the descent of Jesus from heaven to defeat the Dajjal and establish a period of peace and justice. According to Hadith, Jesus will descend near a white minaret in the eastern part of Damascus, wearing two garments lightly dyed with saffron, and placing his hands on the wings of two angels. He will then lead the Muslims in prayer, break the cross, kill the swine, and abolish the jizya (a tax on non-Muslims). Jesus' return is seen as a sign of the final judgment and the fulfillment of God's promise to restore justice and righteousness.
Zoroastrianism
Saoshyant: Zoroastrianism, an ancient Persian religion, believes in the coming of Saoshyant, a saviour figure who will lead the final renovation of the world, defeating evil and restoring goodness. The Saoshyant is expected to bring about the Frashokereti, a final renovation in which the world will be purified, and the dead will be resurrected. This saviour will lead humanity in the final battle against the forces of evil, culminating in the triumph of good and the establishment of a perfect, eternal world.
Historical Context and Origins
Historical Background: The belief in Saoshyant emerged in ancient Persia, during a time when Zoroastrianism was the dominant religion of the region. The religion was founded by the prophet Zoroaster (Zarathustra) around the 6th century BCE. Zoroastrianism's teachings emphasize the duality of good and evil, and the ultimate triumph of good. The cultural and political environment of ancient Persia, with its emphasis on justice and order, influenced the development of the belief in a future saviour who would restore balance and righteousness.
Founding Figures: Zoroaster, the founder of Zoroastrianism, is the central figure in the religion. His teachings, as recorded in the Avesta, the sacred texts of Zoroastrianism, laid the foundation for the belief in Saoshyant. Zoroaster's emphasis on the cosmic struggle between good and evil and the eventual victory of good shaped the messianic expectations within the religion.
Detailed Prophecies and Signs
Prophetic Texts: The Avesta contains several references to Saoshyant and the final renovation of the world. For example, the Yasna 30:9 states, "He shall be the Saoshyant, the World Renovator, who will make the world perfect and immortal, and the dead shall rise again." The Frashokereti, or final renovation, is described in the Bundahishn, a Zoroastrian text that outlines the creation and end of the world.
Signs and Fulfillment: Signs of Saoshyant's coming include the appearance of a comet, the resurrection of the dead, and the final battle between the forces of good and evil. The comet is seen as a harbinger of Saoshyant's arrival, signaling the beginning of the final renovation. The resurrection of the dead is a key aspect of the Frashokereti, where all souls will be judged, and the righteous will be rewarded with eternal life. The final battle will see Saoshyant leading humanity against the forces of evil, culminating in the purification of the world and the establishment of eternal peace and goodness.
Baha'i Faith
The Bab and Baha'u'llah: The Baha'i Faith sees the Bab and Baha'u'llah as messianic figures who fulfil the prophecies of earlier religions. They are believed to have brought new teachings that inaugurate an era of unity and peace. The Bab, whose title means "the Gate," is considered a forerunner who prepared the way for Baha'u'llah, the founder of the Baha'i Faith. Baha'u'llah's teachings emphasize the oneness of humanity, the unity of religions, and the establishment of global peace and justice.
Historical Context and Origins
Historical Background: The Baha'i Faith emerged in the 19th century in Persia (modern-day Iran) during a time of significant social and political upheaval. The region was experiencing a period of religious revival and reform, with various movements seeking to address the challenges of the time. The Bab declared his mission in 1844, and his teachings quickly gained a following. However, his message was met with persecution, and he was executed in 1850. Baha'u'llah, one of the Bab's followers, later declared himself as the one foretold by the Bab and began to spread his teachings, which laid the foundation for the Baha'i Faith.
Founding Figures: The Bab and Baha'u'llah are the central figures in the Baha'i Faith. The Bab's mission was to prepare the way for Baha'u'llah, who is considered the founder of the Baha'i Faith. Baha'u'llah's writings and teachings form the core of Baha'i beliefs, emphasizing the unity of humanity, the harmony of science and religion, and the need for global peace and justice.
Detailed Prophecies and Signs
Prophetic Texts: The writings of the Bab and Baha'u'llah contain numerous references to their messianic roles. For example, the Bab's book, the Bayan, prophesies the coming of "He whom God shall make manifest," referring to Baha'u'llah. Baha'u'llah's writings, such as the Kitab-i-Aqdas and the Kitab-i-Iqan, elaborate on his mission and the fulfillment of prophecies from earlier religions. Baha'u'llah wrote, "The purpose of the one true God, exalted be His glory, in revealing Himself unto men is to lay bare those gems that lie hidden within the mine of their true and inmost selves."
Signs and Fulfillment: Signs of the Bab and Baha'u'llah's messiahship include the revelation of new scriptures, the establishment of the Baha'i Faith, and the promotion of principles such as the oneness of humanity and the unity of religions. The Bab's declaration in 1844 and his subsequent martyrdom are seen as significant events that fulfilled his prophetic role. Baha'u'llah's extensive writings, his exile and imprisonment, and the spread of the Baha'i Faith across the world are viewed as evidence of his messianic mission. The Baha'i Faith's emphasis on global unity, social justice, and the harmony of science and religion reflects the teachings of Baha'u'llah and the fulfillment of his vision for a united and peaceful world.
Cao Dai
Various Spiritual Leaders: This Vietnamese syncretic religion believes in various spiritual leaders, including a messianic figure who will establish global harmony. The teachings incorporate elements from several world religions, including Buddhism, Christianity, and Taoism. Cao Dai was founded in the early 20th century and emphasizes the unity of all religions and the importance of living a virtuous life. The religion's pantheon includes figures like Jesus, Buddha, and Confucius, reflecting its inclusive and harmonious approach to spirituality.
Historical Context and Origins
Historical Background: Cao Dai emerged in Vietnam in the early 20th century, during a period of French colonial rule and significant social and political change. The religion was officially established in 1926 by Ngo Van Chieu, a Vietnamese civil servant who claimed to have received revelations from a supreme deity. The cultural and political environment of the time, marked by a desire for national identity and spiritual renewal, influenced the development of Cao Dai. The religion sought to unify various religious traditions and promote a message of peace and harmony.
Founding Figures: Ngo Van Chieu is considered the founding figure of Cao Dai. He reported receiving visions from a supreme deity, whom he identified as Cao Dai (meaning "High Tower" or "High Palace"). These revelations led to the establishment of the Cao Dai religion, which sought to integrate teachings from major world religions. Other prominent figures in the early development of Cao Dai include Le Van Trung and Pham Cong Tac, who played key roles in organizing and spreading the religion.
Detailed Prophecies and Signs
Prophetic Texts: The teachings and prophecies of Cao Dai are recorded in the "Dai Thua Chon Giao" (The Great Way of the Third Universal Redemption) and other sacred texts. These writings contain revelations received by the founders and outline the principles and practices of the religion. The texts emphasize the unity of all religions and the coming of a messianic figure who will establish global harmony.
Signs and Fulfillment: Signs of the messiah's coming in Cao Dai include the unification of different religious traditions, the establishment of a just and harmonious society, and the promotion of spiritual and moral values. The religion's inclusive approach, which incorporates elements from Buddhism, Christianity, Taoism, and other faiths, is seen as a fulfillment of its prophetic vision. The establishment of the Holy See in Tay Ninh, Vietnam, and the growth of the Cao Dai community are also viewed as signs of the religion's divine mission. The messianic figure in Cao Dai is expected to lead humanity towards a new era of peace, justice, and spiritual enlightenment.
Hinduism
Kalki: In Hinduism, Kalki is the tenth and final avatar of Vishnu, expected to appear at the end of the current age (Kali Yuga) to restore righteousness and order. This belief reflects Hinduism's cyclical view of time and cosmic renewal. Kalki is often depicted as a warrior on a white horse, wielding a sword to destroy evil and bring about a new era of truth and virtue. The arrival of Kalki is seen as a time of great transformation, leading to the reestablishment of dharma (righteousness) and the beginning of a new cycle of ages.
Historical Context and Origins
Historical Background: The belief in Kalki as the final avatar of Vishnu emerged within the broader context of Hindu eschatology and the cyclical nature of time. Hinduism envisions time as divided into four ages (Yugas): Satya Yuga, Treta Yuga, Dvapara Yuga, and Kali Yuga. Each Yuga represents a gradual decline in righteousness and moral values. The current age, Kali Yuga, is characterized by sin, corruption, and the decline of dharma. The prophecy of Kalki's arrival at the end of Kali Yuga reflects the hope for a renewal of righteousness and the restoration of cosmic order.
Founding Figures: The concept of avatars (incarnations) of Vishnu is central to Hindu theology. Vishnu, one of the principal deities in Hinduism, is believed to incarnate in various forms to protect dharma and restore balance in the world. The Puranas, particularly the Vishnu Purana and the Bhagavata Purana, contain detailed accounts of Vishnu's avatars, including Kalki. These texts play a crucial role in shaping the beliefs about Kalki and his mission.
Detailed Prophecies and Signs
Prophetic Texts: The Puranas contain several prophecies about Kalki. For example, the Vishnu Purana (Book 4, Chapter 24) states, "When the practices taught in the Vedas and institutes of law shall nearly have ceased, and the close of the Kali age shall be nigh, a portion of that divine being who exists of his own spiritual nature in the character of Brahma, and who is the beginning and the end, and who comprehends all things, shall descend upon earth. He will be born as Kalki in the family of an eminent Brahman of Sambhala village, endowed with the eight superhuman faculties." The Bhagavata Purana (Book 12, Chapter 2) also describes Kalki's mission: "At the end of Kali Yuga, when there exist no topics on the subject of God, even at the residences of so-called saints and respectable gentlemen of the three higher varnas, and when the power of government is transferred to the hands of ministers elected from the lowborn Shudra class or those who behave like them, and when nothing is known of the techniques of sacrifice, even by word, at that time the Lord will appear as the supreme chastiser."
Signs and Fulfillment: Signs of Kalki's coming include the prevalence of sin and corruption, the decline of dharma (righteousness), and the appearance of a white horse and a sword-wielding warrior who will destroy evil and establish a new era of truth and virtue. The prophecy describes Kalki as a warrior who will ride a white horse named Devadatta and wield a sword to vanquish the forces of evil. His arrival is expected to mark the end of Kali Yuga and the beginning of a new Satya Yuga, characterized by the reestablishment of dharma and the renewal of cosmic order. The signs of Kalki's coming are interpreted within Hindu tradition as indicators of the imminent transformation and restoration of righteousness.
Buddhism
Maitreya: Buddhists believe in Maitreya, the future Buddha who will appear on Earth to achieve complete enlightenment and teach the pure Dharma. This future Buddha is seen as a bringer of hope and renewal. Maitreya is expected to come at a time when the teachings of the current Buddha, Gautama, have been forgotten. He will restore the Dharma, leading humanity to a new era of spiritual awakening and enlightenment. Maitreya is often depicted as a benevolent and compassionate figure, embodying the qualities of a perfect teacher.
Historical Context and Origins
Historical Background: The belief in Maitreya as the future Buddha emerged within the broader context of Buddhist eschatology and the cyclical nature of time. Buddhism envisions time as divided into cycles, with each cycle having a Buddha who teaches the Dharma. The current cycle is led by Gautama Buddha, whose teachings are expected to decline over time. The prophecy of Maitreya's arrival reflects the hope for a renewal of the Dharma and the restoration of spiritual values.
Founding Figures: Gautama Buddha, the founder of Buddhism, is the central figure in the religion. His teachings, as recorded in the Pali Canon and other Buddhist scriptures, laid the foundation for the belief in Maitreya. The concept of Maitreya as the future Buddha is mentioned in various Buddhist texts, including the Pali Canon, the Mahayana Sutras, and the Tibetan Buddhist scriptures.
Detailed Prophecies and Signs
Prophetic Texts: The Pali Canon and other Buddhist scriptures contain several references to Maitreya. For example, the Anagatavamsa Desana states, "At that time, the oceans will recede, the land will be flat, and Maitreya will come to teach the Dharma." The Mahayana Sutras, such as the Maitreyavyakarana, also describe Maitreya's mission: "Maitreya will be born in the city of Ketumati, in the kingdom of Ketumati, and he will achieve complete enlightenment under the Naga tree. He will teach the pure Dharma and lead countless beings to liberation."
Signs and Fulfillment: Signs of Maitreya's coming include the decline of the current teachings of the Buddha, the appearance of a new enlightened being, and the establishment of a new era of spiritual awakening and enlightenment. The prophecy describes Maitreya as a benevolent and compassionate figure who will teach the pure Dharma and lead humanity to a new era of spiritual renewal. His arrival is expected to mark the end of the current cycle and the beginning of a new cycle characterized by the restoration of the Dharma and the establishment of a just and harmonious society. The signs of Maitreya's coming are interpreted within Buddhist tradition as indicators of the imminent transformation and renewal of spiritual values.
Taoism
Li Hong: Some Taoist texts mention Li Hong, a future savior who will usher in a golden age of peace and prosperity. This figure represents the Taoist ideal of harmony and balance. Li Hong is expected to appear during times of great turmoil and restore order by aligning humanity with the Tao (the Way). His arrival is seen as a time of renewal, where the natural order is reestablished, and people live in harmony with the universe.
Historical Context and Origins
Historical Background: The belief in Li Hong as a future savior emerged within the broader context of Taoist eschatology and the cyclical nature of time. Taoism envisions time as a series of cycles, with periods of harmony and balance followed by times of chaos and disorder. The prophecy of Li Hong's arrival reflects the hope for a renewal of harmony and the restoration of balance in the world. The cultural and political environment of ancient China, with its emphasis on harmony and order, influenced the development of the belief in a future savior who would restore these values.
Founding Figures: Laozi, the legendary founder of Taoism, is the central figure in the religion. His teachings, as recorded in the Dao De Jing, laid the foundation for Taoist beliefs about harmony, balance, and the Tao (the Way). The concept of Li Hong as a future savior is mentioned in various Taoist texts, including the Daozang, a collection of Taoist scriptures.
Detailed Prophecies and Signs
Prophetic Texts: The Daozang contains several references to Li Hong and the golden age of peace and prosperity he will bring. For example, the Taiping Jing (Scripture of Great Peace) states, "When the world is in great turmoil and chaos, a wise and virtuous leader named Li Hong will appear. He will align humanity with the Tao, restore order, and usher in a golden age of peace and prosperity." The prophecy emphasizes the importance of aligning with the Tao to achieve harmony and balance.
Signs and Fulfillment: Signs of Li Hong's coming include times of great turmoil and chaos, the appearance of a wise and virtuous leader, and the restoration of harmony and balance in the world. The prophecy describes Li Hong as a leader who will emerge during periods of disorder and guide humanity back to the Tao. His arrival is expected to mark the end of chaos and the beginning of a new era characterized by peace, prosperity, and alignment with the natural order. The signs of Li Hong's coming are interpreted within Taoist tradition as indicators of the imminent transformation and renewal of harmony and balance.
Ancient Egyptian Religion
Osiris: While not explicitly messianic, Osiris in ancient Egyptian mythology symbolizes rebirth and renewal. Some texts hint at future saviours who would restore order, reflecting the themes of resurrection and eternal life. Osiris, the god of the afterlife, was believed to have been resurrected after being killed by his brother Set. His story represents the cycle of life, death, and rebirth, and he was often invoked in rituals seeking renewal and the restoration of order.
Historical Context and Origins
Historical Background: The belief in Osiris and the themes of rebirth and renewal emerged in ancient Egypt, a civilization that flourished along the Nile River for thousands of years. The cultural and religious environment of ancient Egypt was deeply influenced by the cycles of nature, particularly the annual flooding of the Nile, which brought fertility and life to the land. The story of Osiris, with its themes of death and resurrection, resonated with the Egyptians' understanding of the natural world and the afterlife.
Founding Figures: Osiris is one of the central figures in ancient Egyptian mythology. According to myth, Osiris was a king who brought civilization and agriculture to Egypt. He was murdered by his jealous brother Set, who dismembered his body and scattered the pieces. Osiris' wife, Isis, gathered the pieces and, with the help of the god Anubis, resurrected Osiris. This story established Osiris as the god of the afterlife and a symbol of resurrection and eternal life. The Pyramid Texts and the Book of the Dead are key sources that describe the myth of Osiris and his role in the afterlife.
Detailed Prophecies and Signs
Prophetic Texts: Ancient Egyptian texts, such as the Pyramid Texts and the Book of the Dead, contain references to Osiris and the themes of resurrection and renewal. For example, the Pyramid Texts (Utterance 219) state, "O Osiris the King, you have gone, but you will return; you have slept, but you will awaken; you have died, but you will live." The Book of the Dead (Chapter 125) includes spells and rituals to ensure the deceased's safe passage to the afterlife and their identification with Osiris.
Signs and Fulfillment: Signs of a future saviour in ancient Egyptian mythology include the restoration of Ma'at (order and justice), the resurrection of the dead, and the renewal of life and fertility. Ma'at, the concept of cosmic order and justice, was central to ancient Egyptian belief. The restoration of Ma'at was seen as essential for the stability of the world. The resurrection of the dead, as symbolized by Osiris, was a key aspect of the afterlife, where the deceased hoped to be reborn and live eternally. The renewal of life and fertility, reflected in the annual flooding of the Nile, was also associated with Osiris and his role as a god of agriculture and regeneration.
The belief in messianic figures transcends time and geography, appearing in ancient and modern religions alike. These figures embody humanity's hopes for renewal, justice, and salvation, and their stories continue to inspire and provide meaning to millions around the world.
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