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Doctrine of the Mean (Zhong Yong)

Original Author: Confucius' grandson, Zisi (Kong Ji)

Translator: James Legge

Date Written: c. 4th century BCE

Doctrine of the Mean (Zhong Yong)

*Book Information: This book is available in the public domain and can be accessed for free from Larry Gowdy.

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The Doctrine of the Mean (Zhong Yong), one of the Four Books of classical Confucianism and traditionally attributed to Zisi, the grandson of Confucius, presents a vision of ethical life grounded in balance, harmony, and alignment with the Way of Heaven. Centered on the ideal of the “mean” or “middle way,” it teaches the cultivation of moderation and inner equilibrium as the foundation for virtuous conduct, effective governance, and a harmonious society. Through reflections on human nature, sincerity, ritual, and self‑discipline, the text describes how a person who nurtures clarity and steadiness becomes capable of resonating with the order of the cosmos. Rich in symbolism and philosophical insight, the Doctrine of the Mean offers a timeless guide to moral refinement, showing how personal virtue and cosmic harmony ultimately converge.

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