The Yasna
Original Author: Anonymous Avestan priestly tradition
(with embedded hymns attributed to Zarathustra)
Credit: Digital edition prepared by Joseph H. Peterson
Primary translation by L. H. Mills (1898)
Gathic sections translated from Bartholomae / Moulton / Taraporewala as noted on the page
Original Date Written: c. 1500–500 BCE

Resource Information
This resource is freely accessible online through Avesta.org, which provides a carefully prepared digital edition of the Yasna, including English translations, Avestan transcriptions, and scholarly annotations. The primary translation (L. H. Mills, 1898) is in the public domain, and this edition may be read without cost on the publisher’s website.
The Yasna is the principal liturgical text of Zoroastrianism and the core of the Avestan canon. It preserves the full sequence of ritual actions, prayers, invocations, and sacred recitations used in the central Zoroastrian ceremony of the same name. The text is a composite work: some chapters are composed in the archaic Old Avestan dialect, while others belong to the later Younger Avestan tradition.
Within the Yasna are embedded the Gathas, the seventeen hymns attributed to Zarathustra himself, as well as the Yasna Haptanghaiti, an ancient prose liturgy that stands alongside the Gathas as one of the oldest surviving Indo‑Iranian religious compositions.
This digital edition presents the full text of the Yasna in English translation, accompanied by Avestan transcriptions, variant readings, and scholarly notes. It includes the ritual invocations to Ahura Mazda, the Amesha Spentas, the yazatas, the sacred elements (fire, water, plants), and the seasonal and calendrical divinities. The text also preserves the structure of the ceremony: offerings, praises, ritual recitations, and the theological affirmations that shape Zoroastrian worship.
For readers new to the Avesta, the Yasna offers a window into the lived ritual world of ancient Zoroastrianism—its cosmology, ethics, sacred order, and the ceremonial rhythm through which the community maintained its relationship with the divine.

